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hezMacmotuy

Verbos

All verbs end in i in the infinitive. They may change according to time and person in regular patterns.

In general, Allamej language is very flexible in relation to its analytic or synthetic forms. The same happens, for example, in Celtic languages such as Irish. Example of  the verb "to run" in Irish:

Analytic form:

  • Rith mé: “I run”

  • Rith tu: “You run” 

  • Rith sé: “He runs”

 

Synthetic form:

  • Ritheas: “I run”

  • Rithis: “You run”

  • Rith: “He runs”

 

It is important to mention that in Irish the verbs precede the subject "I run, you run, etc.". Bellow, the Allamej version with the same verb:

 

Analytic form:

  • Mine takiri: “I run”

  • Tine takiri: “You run” 

  • Line takiri: “He runs”

 

Synthetic form:

  • Takirem: “I run”

  • Takiret: “You run”

  • Takirel: “He runs”


In the analytic version of Allamej, verbs do not necessarily change. In the synthetic version they change endings receiving the pronominal terminations according to the verb tense. This phenomenon can be compared to Indo-European and Uralic verbal conjugations as well as the use of temporal pronouns in languages like Hausa or Wolof but directly attached after the verbs. This last comparison is possible since the verbal endings correspond to the same initial letters of the pronouns.
 

Verb Conjugation in Synthetic Form

 

All Allamej verbs end in -i in the infinitive or analytical form. Ex: labi - to love, fili - to like, rabi - to work, habi - to have, hezi - to be, voli - to want. When conjugated in synthetic form the verb loses the ending letter i. The  Allamej conjugation considers three aspects corresponding to three letters in the following sequence: tense, number and person. 

 

1- Tense:  There are three synthetic tenses: present, past and future. For the present is made by adding e after the stem, the future a and the past u;

2- If the verb is in the plural y must be added after the sense vowel;

3 - Finally, the verb carries the consonantal ending corresponding to the subject's personal pronoun: m for the first person, t for the second and l for the third. Examples:

  • Maci: "to make" or “to do”.

  • Macem: “I make”.

  • Macum: “I made”.

  • Macam: “I will make”.

  • Macut: “You made”.

  • Macal: “He or she will make”.

  • Hezi: “to be”.

  • Hezeym: “We are”.

  • Hezayt kalü: “You will be fine (well)”.

  • Hezel habaytyet: “It's the hovel”.

  • Eji: “to speak”.

  • Malü ejuyl: “They spoke badly”.

 

Regarding the nominal verbs, similar to the Persian nominal constructions, the verbs corresponding to the verb "to be" in Allamej are three: hezi (affirmative form) nezi (negative form) kezi (interrogative form). Comparative examples:

  • Hezem in Persian: هستم /hastam/, “I am”.

  • Nezem in Persian: نيستم /nistam/, “I am not”.

  • Kezem in Persian:  كيستم /kistam/, “ (who) am I?”. In Allamej it simply means "am I?".  

 

This way, we would have the complete conjugation of the verb "to be" in its different forms:

  • Affirmative: hezem, “I am”, hezet, “you are”, hezel, he or she “is”, hezeym, “we are”, hezeyt, “you (plural) are” and hezeyl, they “are”;

  • Negative: nezem, “I am not”, nezet, “you are not”, nezel, he or she “is not”, nezeym, “we are not”, nezeyt, “you (plural) are not” and nezeyl, they “are not”; and

  • Interrogative: kezem, “am I?”, kezet, “are you?”, kezel, “is” he or she?, kezeym, “are we?”, kezeyt, “are you (plural)?” and kezeyl, “are they?”.

The phonetic similarity happens with other Indo-European languages, for example: nezem in French, "ne suis (pas)", "I am not".

The negation and interrogation of non-nominal verbs, (not endind in hezi, kezi, and nezi) are formed with the adverbial forms of the same verb: kezü, nezü and hezü. They can be contracted in , and and , respectively. Since phrases not containing is implicitly affirmative, this particle can be used to emphasis.

Such forms are similar to Indian languages. Examples (VLADISAVLJEVIC, 2008, pp. 55,56,79,80,103,104,223 and 224):

  • Hezü or : in Bengali হাঁ / hāã /, in Gujaratiહા / hā /, "yes" and in Hindi हां / haã /. It is important to emphasize the phonetic similarity of ü sound with its equevalent ones in the Indian languages;

  • Nezü or : Bengali না / nā /, in Gujaratiના / nā / and in Hindi: नहीं / nahĩ /, "yes"; and

  • Kezü or nezü: Bengali কি / ki / in Hindi: क्या / kyā /, in Gujarat ના / kayaā /, "what" or particle used to ask questions.

 

The k used to make interrogative pronouns is based not only Indo-European languages ​​but also, mainly in other Asian language families. Examples of cognates of the interrogative particle :

  • Catalan: que / kə /;

  • Hindi: क्या / kyā /;

  • Japanese: か / ka /; and

  • Thai: คะ / ka /, used by women, being the male correspondent ครับ / krap /.
     

Verbal moods

Some verbal modalities in alamese allow the language to have a greater sign accuracy, thanks to its absorption of characteristics of non-Western languages ​​present in the four modes:

 

1) Conditional

Indicates a possibility, a condition that can be compared to "would"  and to the construction "if ... followed by the subjunctive mode". To construct the conditional mode, the verbs receive the particle of Japanese origin and eb before conjugation. In Japanese it is one of the ways to do the conditional. In this sense, the phrase jikan ga areba, "if you have time" areba is the conditional form of the verb aru, "to have" or "to be," meaning, in the phrase "if you have". The same thing happens in Allamej. Examples:

 

 

Volet - volebet: "you want" - "you would want" or "if you want".

Irel - irebel: "he will" - "he would" or "if he is".

Maceym - macebeym: "we do" - "we would do" or "if we do".

 

 

2) Assertive mode

Inspired in  Quechua that uses the particle mi to indicate that the subject affirms something according to his/her own experience. In the phrase wik-say-mi nana-wa-shan: "my stomach hurts," the particle mi has the connotation of experience (Coronel-Molina, 1989, 22).

In Allamej, the particle mey is used which has a coincident connection with the consonant m of mine, reinforcing the idea that what is being experienced has to do with the speaker. The particle is inserted before verbal conjugation. Examples:

 

  • Dev nü zayezel - Dev nü zayezmeyel: "God (Deity) does not exist." - "(I have testified that) God does not exist."

  • Lah zayel nezveddumun - Lah zaymeyel nezveddumun. "God exists in the unconscious" - "(I have found that) God is situated in the unconscious."

  • Lah nezel dev - Lah nezmeyel dev .: "God is not god (deity)" - "(I testified that) God is not god (deity, there are two ways of expressing God in Allamej - one corresponding to culture related sense of God and another which is the target object of human psychism when referring to God)."

 

3) Reporting mode

It is also used to indicate when the speaker does not know from personal experience but through others or indirect facts, but it is not always possible to indicate who gets the initial information. In Allamej it is indicated by the particle sey also inspired in the language of the Inkas. Examples:

 

  • Irul baytuv - irseyul baytuv .: "He went to the house" - "(I heard) he went home."

  • Samxuyul - samxuyseyul .: "It rained" - "(I heard that) it rained."

  • Malcadul - malcadseyul. "He stole" - "(They said) he stole it.  "

 

4) Accidental Mode

From Malaysian-Indonesian, the stem tey aims to show that what is said happened by accident.

 

  • Hawan nedëvteyul .: "The pan fell down (by accident)."

  • Vizteyum tineh .: "I saw you (unintentionally)."

  • Xuyteyul .: "I got wet (accidentally)."
     

b) Verbal tenses in the synthetic and analytical forms


Verb tenses may have synthetic or analytical forms. Thanks to the Arab radical, sawf (سوف), Khmer, hëj and Turkish, gej, various combinations are possible, allowing to situate actions in time with precision. Bellow the tenses followed by examples of the first person singular in its synthetic form and then in its analytical form:

  • Present: "I speak", ejem, mine eji;

  • Past: I said, ejum or hëjejem, mine palü eji;

  • Future: I will speak, ejam or sawfejem, mine gejü eji;

  • Present continuous: "I am speaking", hezem ejik, mine hezekü eji;

  • Past continuous or imperfect past tense: "I was speaking", hezum ejik, mine hëjhezëkü eji;

  • Future continuous: "I will be speaking", hezam ejik, mine sawfhezëkü eji.

  • Future of the past: "I would speak"," sawfejum, mine sawfhëjü eji.

  • Plus perfect tense: "I had spoken" or "I had spoken", hëjejum, mine hëjhëjü eji.

  • Perfect future: "I will have spoken," hëjejam, mine hëjsawfü eji.

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