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Ejyumfinuy

Grammar Cases 

Allamej has no prepositions. Instead it has case endings. For example home is bayt and "at home" is baytun.

There are no prepositions in Allamej, but endings similar to what happens in Uralic and Altaic languages. Examples:

  • Finnish: Helsinki (name of city) gets the suffix -in, making Helsinkiin, meaning "to Helsinki";

  • Turkish: Ev, "home" gets the suffix -den, making evden "from home";

  • Japanese: 通 り, / toori /, "street", is given the suffix, also called postposition, に / ni / and makes 通 り に / toori-ni / "on the street".

 

The similarity of Allamej with those languages is greater with those languages ​​than with the Indo-European languages ​​in this aspect, due to the fact that the latter change significantly their synthetic aspect, mainly the vowel compositions being generally less regular. The Allamej grammar cases are rather regular, as they consist of consonant suffixes.

Grammar cases endings are the same of those found in cases stems and follow the rules bellow: 

1) After words ending in vowels or semi-vowel y, corresponding to the plural, such as masculine and feminine nouns, verbs and and replacing words receive the consonant corresponding to the case right after the last vowel. Examples: haina, "woman" - hainak, with the woman, eji "speak" - "ejiv" "in order to speak", mine, "I" - minek, "with me";

2) Words ending in consonants like stems, neutral nouns, need the vowel u before the case consonant. Example: bayt, "house" - baytun, "at home". In the case of conjugated verbs, which also end in consonants, they receive i before the case consonant. Examples: ejem, "I speak" - ejemiv, "for me to speak".

 

That way, there are the following cases that will be presented, with the same examples that consist of all possible forms, for the purpose of comparison and analysis of grammar case meaning formation:

 

Nominative: subject case. It is form of the word without using any grammar case endings. Examples: filo, "friend", fila, "friend (feminine)", fil, "friendship", fili, "to like", filet, "you like" and kine, "who";

Accusative: indicates the direct object. It is made by adding the ending h. Examples: filoh, "friend (direct object)", filah, "friend (feminine, direct object)", filuh, "friendship (direct object) , filetih, "that you like" and kineh, "whom (direct object)";

Genitive: it indicates possessing. Similar to English and German it is indicated by the ending s.  Examples: : filos, "friend", filas (female friend's),  filus, friendship's, filis, "of liking", filetis, "of your liking" and kines, "whose";   

Dative: it indicates the indirect object case, reason or direction to. It corresponds to the prepositions "for", or "to". Declining words get v at the end. Examples: filov, "for the friend", filav, "for the (female) friend", filuv, "for the friendship", filiv, "for liking", filetiv, "for you to like" and kinev, "why", !"For what reason";

Locative: used to locate the words in spatial or temporal terms. In English the prepositions "in", "on" or "at" are generally used. In Allamej, words receive the ending n. Examples: filon, "in the friend", filan, "in the (female) friend", filun, "in (the) friendship", filin, "when liking", filetin, "when(ever) you like" and kinen, "in whom";

Delative: used as topic or relation or mode. In English the preposition about is often used. Words end in r. Examples: filor, "about the friend", filar, "about the (female) friend", filur, "about the friendship", filir, "about liking", filetir, "about your liking" and kiner, "about whom";

Ablative: indicates origin like the English preposition "from". The ending that characterizes it is the letter d attached at the end of declinable words. Examples: filod, "from a friend", filad, "from a female friend" filud,"from friendship", filid, "from liking", filetid, "from the moment you like" and kined, "from whom";

Instrumental / Cominative: used to indicate instrument or company. Corresponds to the preposition "with" in English. In Allamej the declinable words end in k. Examples: filok, "with a friend", filak, "with a (female) friend", filuk, "with the friendship", filik, "liking (gerund)", filetik, "with your liking" or "as you like" and kinek, "with whom";

Ergative: replaces the proposition "by" in passive constructions. Ex. "It was done by me". The ending is x. Examples: filox, "by a friend", filax, "by a (female) friend", filux, "by friendship", filix, "by liking", filetix, "by your liking" and kinex, "by whom"; and

Vocative / Imperative: used to indicate vocative and in the case of verbs, imperative. In Allamej it is represented by transferring the tonicity a syllable to the last signic stem of the word prior to the inclusion of grammar suffixes. Neutral nouns are added an u after the last consonant. Examples: filó, "Hey friend", filá, "Hey friend (for females)", filú, "Oh frindship", filí!, "like!" as an imperative intention not directed to a specific person, but to anyone," filét, "like! (second person imperative)". 

Some replacing words require grammatical cases to perform their function in a sentence. The following is applied to words that imply a temporal significance:

Locative: küten, "when", nüten "never", oküten, "sometimes", alüten, "always", ötüten, "another time", hüten, "now" and süten, "at that moment";

Ablative: küted, "since when", nüted "since never", oküted, "since sometime ago", alüted, "since always", ötüted, "since another time", hüted, "from now (on)"  and süted," since that time";

Dative: kütev, "until when", nütev "until never" or "until ever", okütev, "until anytime", alütev, "forever", ötütev, "until another time" and sütev, "until that moment";

In the same way, the replacing words of reason (motive) with stem im need use of dative case. Thus kimev means "why"and himev means "for this reason" or "because". 

However, among the most peculiar characteristics of Allamej, and may be considered a priori is the use same grammar cases endings for verbs, regardless if they are in the infinitive or conjugated.

 

The verbal accusative is used virtually in the same way European languages, for example, would use the subjunctive. This is because the term suffering the action of a verb receives the termination h, regardless if it is a noun, a pronoun, or a verb. In this case macem means I do, and macemih "me to do" like in "he wants me to do". Examples with verbal endings underlined:

  • Volel macemih kuneh? "He (she) wants me to do what?"

  • Hain volel yujih haötuk. "The individual wants to unite with the other."

  • Dev volel verdumetih lineh. "God wants you to believe him."

  • Hanezveddum volul maculih huneh nezvedutü. "The unconscious wanted him to do what he did not know."

 

In the same way, as the locative is also used to situate in time. It is ussed when in English we generally use "when" before verbs. Exemples with locative endings underlined:

  • Dumem nezemin yujü hezem nezü dumemin. "I think where (when) I do not exist and I exist where (when) I do not think." In this case the translation could be "where" or "when" without altering the corresponding meaning in Allamej, since the locative is used to situate spatially or temporally.

  • Labeymin, cuxtarü hezeym. "When we love we are very happy."

  • Nezelin voltar semü nezel duktar. "When there is no extreme desire there is also no extreme suffering."

 

As for the instrumental case it is used with verbs make what corresponds to the gerund or progressive tenses in English as well as when we use "while" before verbs. Examples with the endings of the instrumental case applied to the underlined verbs:

  • Hanezveddum hezel ejik. "The inconsistency is speaking."

  • Haveddum dukel hanezveddum ejelik. "The conscious suffers while the unconscious speaks."

  • Dumul ejutik. "He (she) thought while you were speaking." Or "He (she) slept with you talking."

 

Finally, the dative and the ablative have the function of "up to" or "until" and "from", respectively.

  • Musat ejih nedvedetiv semtineh. "You must speak until you understand yourself."

  • Hezem kaltarü bidumid ejih semminer. "I've been better since I started talking about myself."

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